NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME IN YOUNG AGE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Keywords:
Acute coronary syndrome, Risk Factor, Young AgeAbstract
In younger people all across the world, acute coronary syndrome remains one of the primary causes of death and disability. This is especially true in developing countries. Due to the fact that little reporting has taken place, there is a severe lack of data relevant to the patient group in question. Traditional risk factors, which are risk factors that have been well documented to increase the likelihood of developing acute coronary syndrome, such as smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, a family history of atherosclerosis, a family history of obesity, and diabetes mellitus (DM), are becoming more prevalent in the younger population. In addition, illnesses that are typically uncommon among adults, including as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are more prevalent in younger patients with AMI. [Citation needed] Studies highlight the significant frequency and importance of established atherosclerotic risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and a family history of coronary artery disease in addition to emerging risk factors such as systemic lupus erythematosus, obstructive sleep apnea, and HIV. These risk factors include smoking, hypertension, and a family history of coronary artery disease. In spite of the fact that we emphasize the significance of the non-traditional risk factors that were described earlier, it is essential to identify young patients who have traditional risk factors, and in particular those who have coexisting diseases such as HIV, OSA, and SLE, and to optimize their treatment in a way that takes these factors into account. In addition, we highlight the significance of the non-traditional risk factors that were described earlier.
References
Egred M, Viswanathan G, Davis GK. Myocardial infarction in young adults. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(962):741–5.
Fauci AS, Jameson JL, Kasper D, et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition. New York: McGrawHill Education; 2018.
Zipes D, Libby P, Bonow R. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. 8 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019.
Krittanawong C, Luo Y, Mahtta D, Narasimhan B, Wang Z, Jneid H, et al. Non-traditional risk factors and the risk of myocardial infarction in the young in the US population-based cohort. IJC Hear Vasc [Internet] 2020;30:100634.
Tersedia pada: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906720303328
Freiberg MS, Chang C-CH, Kuller LH, Skanderson M, Lowy E, Kraemer KL, et al. HIV Infection and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction. JAMA Intern Med [Internet] 22 April 2013;173(8):614–22. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3728
Drozd DR, Kitahata MM, Althoff KN, Zhang J, Gange SJ, Napravnik S, et al. Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction in HIV-Infected Individuals in North America Compared With the General Population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Agustus 2017;75(5):568–76.
Aviña‐Zubieta JA, To F, Vostretsova K, De Vera M, Sayre EC, Esdaile JM. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke
in newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus: a general population‐based study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(6):849–56.
Chen Y-R, Hsieh F-I, Chang C-C, Chi N-F, Wu H-C, Chiou H-Y. The effect of rheumatoid arthritis on the risk of cerebrovascular disease and coronary artery disease in young adults. J Chinese Med Assoc. 2018;81(9):772–80.
Hansen PR, Feineis M, Abdulla J. Rheumatoid arthritis patients have higher prevalence and burden of asymptomatic coronary artery disease assessed by coronary computed tomography: A systematic literature review and metaanalysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2019;62:72–9.
Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Schnell A, Kalapus SC, Hoh R, Ganz P, et al. Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodeficiency in HIV-associated atherosclerosis. AIDS. Juni 2009;23(9):1059–67.
Duprez DA, Neuhaus J, Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, et al. Inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. 2012;
Chandrasekaran B, Kurbaan AS. Myocardial infarction with angiographically normal coronary arteries. J R Soc Med. 2002;95(8):398–400.
Farzaneh‐Far R, Watkins J, Tahir H, Wykes F, Beynon H. Small vessel vasculitis with pulmonary aneurysms and silent myocardial infarction. Rheumatology. 2003;42(8):1022–4.
Hak AE, Karlson EW, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Costenbader KH. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of
cardiovascular disease: results from the nurses’ health study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2009;61(10):1396–402. [15] Solomon DH, Goodson NJ, Katz JN, Weinblatt ME, Avorn J, Setoguchi S, et al. Patterns of cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(12):1608–12.
Michel M, Chanet V, Dechartres A, Morin A-S, Piette J-C, Cirasino L, et al. The spectrum of Evans syndrome in adults: new insight into the disease based on the analysis of 68 cases. Blood. Oktober 2009;114(15):3167–72.
Myasoedova E, Davis J, Matteson EL, Crowson CS. Is the epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis changing? Results from a population-based incidence study, 1985–2014. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(4):440–4.
Innala L, Berglin E, Möller B, Ljung L, Smedby T, Södergren A, et al. Age at onset determines severity and choice of treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(2):1–9.
Wållberg‐Jonsson S, Caidahl K, Klintland N, Nyberg G, Rantapää‐Dahlqvist S. Increased arterial stiffness and
indication of endothelial dysfunction in long‐standing rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008;37(1):1–5.
Solomon DH, Greenberg J, Curtis JR, Liu M, Farkouh ME, Tsao P, et al. Derivation and internal validation of an expanded cardiovascular risk prediction score for rheumatoid arthritis: a Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America Registry Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(8):1995–2003.
Libby P. Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 2008;121(10):S21– 31.
van Halm VP, Nurmohamed MT, Twisk JWR, Dijkmans BAC, Voskuyl AE. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(5):1–6.
Lee C-H, Khoo S-M, Tai B-C, Chong EY, Lau C, Than Y, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction: prevalence, predictors, and effect on microvascular perfusion. Chest. 2009;135(6):1488–95.
Lee C-H, Khoo S-M, Chan MY, Wong H-B, Low AF, Phua Q-H, et al. Severe obstructive sleep apnea and outcomes following myocardial infarction. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7(6):616–21.
Jelic S, Le Jemtel TH. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and the vascular endothelium in obstructive sleep apnea. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2008;18(7):253–60.
Shah NA, Yaggi HK, Concato J, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for coronary events or cardiovascular death. Sleep Breath. 2010;14(2):131–6.
Carswell CI, Goa KL. Losartan in diabetic nephropathy. Drugs. 2003;63(4):406–7.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing
Ninety Nine Publication publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This licensing allows for any use of the work, provided the original author(s) and source are credited, thereby facilitating the free exchange and use of research for the advancement of knowledge.
Detailed Licensing Terms
Attribution (BY): Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
No Additional Restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
