HUBUNGAN ANTARA DRY EYES TERHADAP KEBIASAAN MEROKOK: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnmhs.v9i5.1663Keywords:
Dry eye, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, Pollutant, Risk Factor, SmokingAbstract
Dry eyes, also known as dry eye disease (DED), dry eye syndrome, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), are among the most common reasons people visit an eye doctor. Other names for dry eyes include: dry eye disease (DED), dry eye syndrome, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Environmental factors that may have a role include, but are not limited to, exposure to irritants such as chemical vapors, cigarette smoke, pollution, or low humidity. Smoking cigarettes, which is a modifiable risk factor for a wide range of illnesses including vascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, has been explored as a potential risk factor for DED in a number of population-based studies. These studies have found that smoking cigarettes is associated with an increased risk of DED. Smoking cigarettes is another element that can contribute to the development of DED. It's possible that smoking has nothing to do with the risk of DED. There is a lack of agreement regarding the impact that smoking has on the danger of developing DED as a result of the contradictory research. Although a number of recent studies have revealed that there is a preventive impact of smoking on DED, the overall damage that smoking does to one's health balances the protective benefit that continuing smoking has on DED.
References
Clayton JA. Dry eye. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(23):2212–23.
Tsubota K, Yokoi N, Shimazaki J, Watanabe H, Dogru M, Yamada M, et al. New perspectives on dry eye definition and diagnosis: a consensus report by the Asia Dry Eye Society. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(1):65–76.
Messmer EM. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(5):71. [4] Yamaguchi T. Inflammatory response in dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(14):DES192–9.
I Y Hasan ZA. Dry eye syndrome risk factors: A systemic review. Saudi J Ophthalmol Off J Saudi Ophthalmol Soc. 2021;35(2):131–9.
Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. The pathophysiology of dry eye disease: what we know and future directions for research. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(11):S4–13.
Tandon R, Vashist P, Gupta N, Gupta V, Sahay P, Deka D, et al. Association of dry eye disease and sun exposure in geographically diverse adult (≥40 years) populations of India: The SEED (sun exposure, environment and dry eye disease) study - Second report of the ICMR-EYE SEE study group. Ocul Surf. 2020 Oct;18(4):718–30.
Lee AJ, Lee J, Saw S-M, Gazzard G, Koh D, Widjaja D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with dry eye symptoms: a population based study in Indonesia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Dec;86(12):1347–51.
Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960). 2000 Sep;118(9):1264–8.
Titiyal JS, Falera RC, Kaur M, Sharma V, Sharma N. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease in North India: Ocular surface disease index-based cross-sectional hospital study. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018 Feb;66(2):207–11.
Chatterjee S, Agrawal D, Sanowar G, Kandoi R. Prevalence of symptoms of dry eye disease in an urban Indian population. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021 May;69(5):1061–6.
Arita R, Mizoguchi T, Kawashima M, Fukuoka S, Koh S, Shirakawa R, et al. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Dry Eye Are Similar but Different Based on a Population-Based Study: The Hirado-Takushima Study in Japan. Am J Ophthalmol [Internet] 2019 Nov 1;207:410–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.024
Inomata T, Nakamura M, Iwagami M, Midorikawa-Inomata A, Sung J, Fujimoto K, et al. Stratification of Individual Symptoms of Contact Lens-Associated Dry Eye Using the iPhone App DryEyeRhythm: Crowdsourced CrossSectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun;22(6):e18996.
Castro JS de, Selegatto IB, Castro RS de, Miranda ECM, de Vasconcelos JPC, de Carvalho KM, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of self-reported dry eye in Brazil using a short symptom questionnaire. Sci Rep. 2018 Feb;8(1):2076.
Vehof J, Snieder H, Jansonius N, Hammond CJ. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based Lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands. Ocul Surf. 2021 Jan;19:83–93.
Man REK, Veerappan AR, Tan S-P, Fenwick EK, Sabanayagam C, Chua J, et al. Incidence and risk factors of symptomatic dry eye disease in Asian Malays from the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ocul Surf. 2017 Oct;15(4):742– 8.
Nichols KK, Mitchell GL, Zadnik K. The repeatability of clinical measurements of dry eye. Cornea. 2004 Apr;23(3):272–85.
Muhafiz E, Aslan Bayhan S, Bayhan HA, Gürdal C. Effects of chronic smoking on the meibomian glands. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39:2905–11.
Velilla S, García-Medina JJ, García-Layana A, Dolz-Marco R, Pons-Vázquez S, Pinazo-Durán MD, et al. Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: review and update. J Ophthalmol. 2013;2013.
Dartt DA, Willcox MDP. Complexity of the tear film: importance in homeostasis and dysfunction during disease. Exp Eye Res. 2013;117:1.
Cwiklik L. Tear film lipid layer: A molecular level view. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes. 2016;1858(10):2421–30.
Kirkham PA, Spooner G, Rahman I, Rossi AG. Macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils is compromised by matrix proteins modified by cigarette smoke and lipid peroxidation products. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;318(1):32–7.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing
Ninety Nine Publication publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This licensing allows for any use of the work, provided the original author(s) and source are credited, thereby facilitating the free exchange and use of research for the advancement of knowledge.
Detailed Licensing Terms
Attribution (BY): Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
No Additional Restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
