HYPERTENSION AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Keywords:
Blood Preassure, Chronic Kidney Disease, HypertensionAbstract
The frequency of chronic kidney disease, often known as CKD, is on the rise and affects 10–15% of the population around the world. Approximately one percent of adult Americans are affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). The presence of reduced kidney function (an estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or kidney damage (usually demonstrated by the presence of proteinuria) that has lasted for more than three months is what is considered to be chronic kidney disease (CKD). At the moment, hypertension, a problem that has an effect on public health on a global scale, is the leading contributor to the overall illness burden. It is the single most significant modifiable risk factor that contributes to cardiovascular disease, stroke, and renal failure. Uncontrolled hypertension is linked to a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is also regarded to be a consequence of hypertension that is not under control. One of the most common factors leading to CKD is hypertension. The connection between high blood pressure and chronic renal disease is a convoluted one that elevates the probability of negative outcomes in the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. According to the findings of this study, the percentage of hypertension patients who also have CKD is significantly higher than that of patients in the other groups. Additionally, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of patients with CKD was found to be higher than that of those who did not have CKD.
References
Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Dorman NM, et al. Nomenclature for kidney function and disease: report of a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Consensus Conference. Kidney Int. 2020;97:111–7.
Fauci AS, Jameson JL, Kasper D, et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition. New York: McGraw- Hill Education; 2018.
United States Renal Data System. Chapter 1: CKD in the General Population. 2015 USRDS annual data report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. Washington DC; 2015.
Mills KT, Xu Y, Zhang W, Bundy JD, Chen C-S, Kelly TN, et al. A systematic analysis of worldwide population- based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010. Kidney Int. November 2015;88(5):950–7.
KDIGO CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. New York; 2013.
Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. November 2007;298(17):2038–47.
Levin NW, Kotanko P, Eckardt K-U, Kasiske BL, Chazot C, Cheung AK, et al. Blood pressure in chronic kidney disease stage 5D-report from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes controversies conference. Vol. 77, Kidney international. United States; 2010. hal. 273–84.
Stevens PE, Levin A. Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. Juni 2013;158(11):825–30.
Gansevoort RT, Correa-Rotter R, Hemmelgarn BR, Jafar TH, Heerspink HJL, Mann JF, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet (London, England). Juli 2013;382(9889):339–52.
Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. Maret 2004;164(6):659–63.
Tangri N, Stevens LA, Griffith J, Tighiouart H, Djurdjev O, Naimark D, et al. A predictive model for progression of chronic kidney disease to kidney failure. JAMA. April 2011;305(15):1553–9.
Kanno A, Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Hashimoto T, Satoh M, Hirose T, et al. Pre-hypertension as a significant predictor of chronic kidney disease in a general population: the Ohasama Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(8):3218– 23.
Tohidi M, Hasheminia M, Mohebi R, Khalili D, Hosseinpanah F, Yazdani B, et al. Incidence of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors, results of over 10 year follow up in an Iranian cohort. 2012;
Cao X, Xie X, Zhou J, Yuan H, Chen Z. Relationship between prehypertension and incidence of chronic kidney disease in a general population: a prospective analysis in central south China. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(11):2183– 9.
Yano Y, Fujimoto S, Sato Y, Konta T, Iseki K, Iseki C, et al. New-onset hypertension and risk for chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population. J Hypertens. 2014;32(12):2371–7.
Xue H, Wang J, Hou J, Li J, Gao J, Chen S, et al. Prehypertension and chronic kidney disease in Chinese population: four-year follow-up study. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144438.
Wan EYF, Yu EYT, Chin WY, Fong DYT, Choi EPH, Lam CLK. Association of blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in Hong Kong hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2019;74(2):331–40.
Hamrahian SM, Falkner B. Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:307–25.
Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75:1334–57.
Haileamlak A. Chronic kidney disease is on the rise. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2018;28(6):681.
Kubo M, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Tanizaki Y, Katafuchi R, Hirakata H, et al. Risk factors for renal glomerular and vascular changes in an autopsy-based population survey: the Hisayama study. Kidney Int. 2003;63(4):1508–15.
Ninomiya T, Kubo M, Doi Y, Yonemoto K, Tanizaki Y, Tsuruya K, et al. Prehypertension increases the risk for renal arteriosclerosis in autopsies: the Hisayama Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. Juli 2007;18(7):2135–42.
Chonchol M, Gnahn H, Sander D. Impact of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis on incident chronic kidney disease in the elderly. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc. Agustus 2008;23(8):2593–8.
Wu C-K, Yang C-Y, Tsai C-T, Chiu F-C, Huang Y-T, Lee J-K, et al. Association of low glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with peripheral arterial disease: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. Atherosclerosis. Maret 2010;209(1):230–4.
Tomiyama H, Tanaka H, Hashimoto H, Matsumoto C, Odaira M, Yamada J, et al. Arterial stiffness and declines in individuals with normal renal function/early chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis. September 2010;212(1):345– 50.
Peralta CA, Jacobs DRJ, Katz R, Ix JH, Madero M, Duprez DA, et al. Association of pulse pressure, arterial elasticity, and endothelial function with kidney function decline among adults with estimated GFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m(2): the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. Januari 2012;59(1):41–9.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing
Ninety Nine Publication publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This licensing allows for any use of the work, provided the original author(s) and source are credited, thereby facilitating the free exchange and use of research for the advancement of knowledge.
Detailed Licensing Terms
Attribution (BY): Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
No Additional Restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
