EFFECT ON LIVER FUNCTION TESTS IN SMOKERS & NON-SMOKERS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/hqtwx660Keywords:
Sgpt, Sgot, Alp, Smoking, Liver Function, Tobacco.Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major health concern in India. Cigarette smoking has well-documented negative effects on the lungs and cardiovascular system, but its impact on the liver is less clear. There are three ways that smoking damages the liver: cancer-causing, immunologic, and toxic (both directly and indirectly). Smoking produces cytotoxic chemicals that lead to increased inflammation and fibrosis. The act of smoking cigarettes is linked to an elevation in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, which may cause damage to liver cells. Secondary polycythemia results in an increase in the amount of red blood cells and their turnover. This condition might potentially lead to oxidative stress in liver cells and an excess of iron in the body. Tobacco consumption can lead to liver injury, which can be detected through suspicious results on liver function testing. Increased amount of liver enzymes, such as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphates (ALP). are associated with it. While AST and ALT were unaffected by smoking, total protein, albumin, and GGT levels in the blood were. Hepatocyte hypoxia is a result of reduced oxygen levels in the bloodstream, which is a direct consequence of smoking.
References
Pan, E.H., Wu, J., Hu, C., & Global Burden of Disease. (2019). Global Burden of Disease. Washington, DC: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Accessed 17 July 2021.
Upadhyay, S., Rahman, M., & Johanson, G. (2023). Heated tobacco products: Insights into composition and toxicity. Toxics, 11, 667.
Li, Y., & Hecht, S.S. (2022). Carcinogenic components of tobacco and tobacco smoke: A 2022 update. Food and Toxicology, 165, 17–18.
Wipfli, H.L., & Samet, J.M. (2010). Second-hand smoke worldwide disease toll. The Lancet, 377, 101–102.
Jindal, S.K., Aggarwal, A.N., Chaudhry, K., et al. (2006). Tobacco smoking in India. The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences, 48, 38–40.
Zain, M., Arifin, M., & Mokhtar. (2023). Preventive interventions to reduce second-hand smoke exposure among non-smoking pregnant women: A systematic review. IMJM, 22(2), 12–19.
Yuan, H., Yao, J., & Martins, M. (2009). Second-hand smoke stimulates lipid accumulation in the liver by modulating AMPK and SREBP-1. Journal of Hepatology, 51(3), 535–547.
Tomasi, S., Yoon, J.I., & Besaratinia, A. (2020). Secondhand smoke induces liver steatosis through deregulation of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, 1296.
Yanbaeva, D., Dentener, M., et al. (2007). Systemic effects of smoking. CHEST, 131(5), 1557–1566.
Djordjevic, M.V., & Doran, K.A. (2009). Nicotine content and delivery across tobacco products. Springer, 192, 71–74.
World Health Organization. Bidi rolling is an occupational health hazard: WHO study. Available at: https://www.who.int/india/news/feature-stories/detail/bidi-rolling-is-an-occupational-health-hazard--who-study
Srivastava, A., & Srivastava, M. (2017). Assessment of risk factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A clinical study. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research, 5(1), 140.
Wipfli, H.L., & Samet, J.M. (2010). Second-hand smoke worldwide disease toll. The Lancet, 377, 101–102.
Djordjevic, M.V., & Doran, K.A. (2009). Nicotine content and delivery across tobacco products. Springer, 192, 71–74.
Ozougwu, J.C. (2017). Physiology of the liver. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences, 4(8), 13–24.
Premkumar, M., & Anand, A.C. (2021). Tobacco, cigarettes and the liver: The smoking gun. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 11(6), 700–712.
Nicoll, D. (2007). Therapeutic drug monitoring and laboratory reference ranges. In S.J. McPhee & M.A. Papadakis (Eds.), Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (46th ed., pp. 1767–1775). McGraw-Hill.
Mauro, P., Renze, B., & Wouter, W. (2006). Enzymes. In C.A. Burtis, E.R. Ashwood, & D.E. Bruns (Eds.), Tietz's Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics (4th ed., pp. 604–616). Elsevier.
Rosalki, S.B., & McIntyre, N. (1999). Biochemical investigations in the management of liver disease. In Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology (2nd ed., pp. 503–521). Oxford University Press.
Chalasani, N., Younossi, Z., Lavine, J.E., Diehl, A.M., Brunt, E.M., Cusi, K., Charlton, M., & Sanyal, A.J. (2012). The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology, 55, 2005–2023.
Younossi, Z.M., Koenig, A.B., Abdelatif, D., Fazel, Y., Henry, L., & Wymer, M. (2016). Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology, 64, 73–84.
Basaranoglu, M., Basaranoglu, G., & Senturk, H. (2013). From fatty liver to fibrosis: A tale of “second hit”. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19, 1158–1165.
Farzanegi, P., Dana, A., Ebrahimpoor, Z., Asadi, M., & Azerbaijani, M.A. (2019). Mechanisms of beneficial effects of exercise training on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation. European Journal of Sport Science, 19, 994–1003.
Liaw, Y.F., Leung, N., Kao, J.H., Piratvisuth, T., Gane, E., Han, K.H., Guan, R., Lau, G.K., & Lucarini, S. (2008). Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: A 2008 update. Hepatology International, 2, 263–283.
Asrani, S.K., Larson, J.J., Yawn, B., Therneau, T.M., & Kim, W.R. (2013). Underestimation of liver-related mortality in the United States. Gastroenterology, 145, 375–382.
World Health Organization. (2020). Projections of Mortality and Causes of Death, 2016–2060. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Singal, A.G., & El-Serag, H.B. (2015). Hepatocellular carcinoma from epidemiology to prevention: Translating knowledge into practice. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13(12), 2140–2151.
Pessione, F., Ramond, M.J., Nalpas, B., et al. (2001). Cigarette smoking and hepatic lesions in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 121–125.
Chen, Z.M., Liu, B.Q., Boreham, J., Wu, Y.P., Chen, J.S., & Peto, R. (2003). Smoking and liver cancer in China: Case-control comparison of 36,000 liver cancer deaths versus 17,000 cirrhosis deaths. International Journal of Cancer, 106–112.
El-Zayadi, A.R. (2006). Heavy smoking and liver. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12, 6098–6101.
Younossi, Z.M., Koenig, A.B., Abdelatif, D., Fazel, Y., Henry, L., & Wymer, M. (2016). Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology, 64(1), 73–84.
Ampuero, J., Aller, R., Gallego-Durán, R., et al. (2020). Significant fibrosis predicts new-onset diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension in patients with NASH. Journal of Hepatology, 73(1), 17–25.
Chiolero, A., Faeh, D., Paccaud, F., & Cornuz, J. (2008). Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(4), 801–809.
Altamirano, J., & Bataller, R. (2010). Cigarette smoking and chronic liver diseases. Gut, 59(9), 1159–1162.
Ismaeel, S., & Sdek, G. (2021). Effect of cigarette smoking in some liver function tests. Department of Environmental Science and Health, College of Science, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Iluz-Freundlich, D., Zhang, M., Uhanova, J., & Minuk, G.Y. (2020). The relative expression of hepatocellular and cholestatic liver enzymes in adult patients with liver disease. Annals of Hepatology, 19(2), 204–208.
Alsalhen, K.S., & Abdalsalam, R.D. (2014). Effect of cigarette smoking on liver functions. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, 3(7), 291–295.
Wannamethee, S.G., & Shaper, A.G. (1990). Cigarette smoking and serum liver enzymes: The role of alcohol and inflammation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 47, 1258.
Ramamurthy, V., & Raveendran, S. (2012). Biochemical changes of cigarette smokers and non-cigarette smokers. International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences (IJALS), 1, 68–69.
Rutledge, S.M., & Asgharpour, A. (2020). Smoking and liver disease. Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(12), 617–625.
Mohammed, E.T.E. (2014). Assessment of serum total cholesterol level and aspartate transaminase activity among Sudanese cigarette smokers, 14–17.
Alsalhen, K.S., & Abdalsalam, R.D. (2014). Effect of cigarette smoking on liver functions: A comparative study conducted among cigarette smokers and non-smokers.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
